Profile and Biography of Socrates

The Greek philosopher Socrates was born c. 470/469 B.C., in Athens, and died in 399 B.C. To put this in the context of the other great men of his time, the sculptor Pheidias died c. 430; Sophocles and Euripides died c. 406; Pericles died in 429; Thucydides died c. 399; and the architect Ictinus completed the Parthenon in c. 438. Athens was producing the extraordinary art and monuments for which she would be remembered. Beauty, including personal, was vital. It was linked with being good. However, Socrates was ugly, according to all accounts, a fact that made him a good target for Aristophanes in his comedies. Who Was Socrates? Socrates was a great Greek philosopher, possibly the wisest sage of all time. He is famous for contributing to philosophy: Pithy sayingsThe Socratic method of discussion or dialogueSocratic irony A discussion of Greek democracy often focuses on a sadder aspect of his life: his state-mandated execution. Family Although we have many details about his death, we know little about the life of Socrates. Plato provides us the names of some of his family members: Socrates father was Sophroniscus (thought to have been a stonemason), his mother was Phaenarete, and his wife, Xanthippe (a proverbial shrew). Socrates had 3 sons, Lamprocles, Sophroniscus, and Menexenus. The oldest, Lamprocles, was about 15 at the time his father died. Death The Council of 500 [see Athenian Officials in the Time of Pericles] condemned Socrates to death for impiety for not believing in the gods of the city and for introducing new gods. He was offered an alternative to death, paying a fine, but refused it. Socrates fulfilled his sentence by drinking a cup of poison hemlock in front of friends. Socrates as Citizen of Athens Socrates is remembered chiefly as a philosopher and the teacher of Plato, but he was also a citizen of Athens, and served the military as a hoplite during the Peloponnesian War, at Potidaea (432–429), where he saved Alcibiades life in a skirmish, Delium (424), where he remained calm while most around him were in a panic, and Amphipolis (422). Socrates also participated in the Athenian democratic political organ, the Council of the 500. As a Sophist The 5th century B.C. sophists, a name based on the Greek word for wisdom, are familiar to us mostly from the writings of Aristophanes, Plato, and Xenophon, who opposed them. Sophists taught valuable skills, especially rhetoric, for a price. Although Plato shows Socrates opposing the sophists, and not charging for his instruction, Aristophanes, in his comedy Clouds, portrays Socrates as a greedy master of the sophists craft. Although Plato is considered the most reliable source on Socrates and he says Socrates was not a sophist, opinions differ on whether Socrates was essentially different from the (other) sophists. Contemporary Sources Socrates is not known to have written anything. He is best known for the dialogues of Plato, but before Plato painted his memorable portrait in his dialogues, Socrates was an object of ridicule, described as a sophist, by Aristophanes. In addition to writing about his life and teaching, Plato and Xenophon wrote about Socrates defense at his trial, in separate works both called Apology. The Socratic Method Socrates is known for the Socratic method (elenchus), Socratic irony, and the pursuit of knowledge. Socrates is famous for saying that he knows nothing and that the unexamined life is not worth living. The Socratic method involves asking a series of questions until a contradiction emerges invalidating the initial assumption. Socratic irony is the position that the inquisitor takes that he knows nothing while leading the questioning.

The Western Training And Communicative Language Teaching

1. Analyses the generic structure of the article The article is discussing the Western training and Communicative language teaching and mainly it argues about the impact of these teachings on a person who belongs from other languages. The role of TESOL is important here and the opinion and views of the other language teachers have been described. The discussion made in paper is in a proper and significant manner that is holding a generic structure for understanding. On the very first the paper is giving an overall summary of discussion in form of abstract that is describing about the main theme of article that is the problems in English language. As the writer has focused on the Bangladeshi English teachers so they provided an overview†¦show more content†¦2) Summarize the main ideas Demand for competent English language users has been increasing in many countries like Bangladesh and for this purpose English language teaching (ELT) has been increasing. According to the increasing demand of competent English users and teach ers the teachers of English language are adopting communicative language teaching (CLT), the best way to learn English language skills. With respect to current knowledge, teachers lack in CLT skills. In this scenario, the encouragement of competent English language users is going through many stages in Bangladesh. These stages involve the communication barrier and the cultural difference among people belonging from the other organizations. The main and prominent objective of this paper and all of the discussion is to talk about the perception and ideology of Bangladeshi teachers. They are working to reduce and minimize the different problems associated with the teachers of other languages. The Teacher of English to Speakers of Other Languages(TESOL) is the association that is working on teaches of other languages and also on the teachers that have training from the Western Countries. It can be understood by the analysis of Bangladeshi population where almost 98% of the population is speaking Bengali. With the increasing demand of business market and job market, there is the great need

Principles of Tort Law-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignement

Question: Advise Tom whether he has a cause of action in negligence against Stephen. Would your advice be different if Stephen had provided the advice in his office, at a scheduled appointment? Answer: Ownership of a property under strata is usually shared through owners corporation while properties adjoining are bought under a limited strata title since they share common areas like land, roof, driveways, lifts and gardens. In this case, Stephen, an experienced conveyance and a golfer gave advice to Tom who later incurred additional costs in relation to the strata[1]. Strata properties require the owners to contribute a levy that covers expenses of maintaining the property. The costs involved should also be in full disclosure. When Tom tries to sell his unit but the purchasers want a price reduction to compensate for additional levies. Tom can take legal action against Stephen for negligence. Firstly, there was no full disclosure or maximum disclosure of information including, levies and insurance coverage[2]. Tom incurred losses after relying on professional advice from Stephen. In English law, professional negligence is a general rule subset. The usual rule relies on establishing a duty of care which is owed to the person seeking the professional advice. Stephen is in breach of that duty[3]. Tom has incurred a loss after buying the strata property. He can sue Stephen because Stephen comes to the golf club to meet people and discuss business since he is in conveyance. Stephen cannot defend himself that the golf course is an unofficial setting. It is his sole purpose to give professional advice for people to buy the strata properties without withholding any information. Even if Stephen was in his office, h e will also be sued since he is expected to be professional and to give professional advice at all times[4]. 1 Albert L Cohn and Barry A Knopf,Professional Negligence(New Jersey Institute for Continuing Legal Education, 2001). 2 Gert Bru?ggemeier,Common Principles Of Tort Law (British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 2006) 3 Mark Geistfeld,Tort Law (Wolters Kluwer Law Business, 2008). References Bru?ggemeier, Gert,Common Principles Of Tort Law (British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 2006) Cohn, Albert L and Barry A Knopf,Professional Negligence(New Jersey Institute for Continuing Legal Education, 2001) Geistfeld, Mark,Tort Law(Wolters Kluwer Law Business, 2008)

The Culture of an Organization

The culture of an organization is an important factor that determines the capacity of the organization to change and retain its competitive nature. Organizational culture can facilitate change or prevent it; hence it is important for an organization to understand its culture well.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Culture of an Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is important for an organization to manage culture and change some attributes of the culture that might prevent the organization from achieving its goals. Since introducing training and development programs is a way of initiating change in an organization, the programs may be affected either positively or negatively by culture (Salas, 2008) Training and development programs are critical for the continued growth of an organization. Through such programs, employees acquire important skills that are beneficial to the organization. However, th e process of implementing the programs is not always easy since numerous challenges are encountered in the process. The first challenge faced when implementing the programs is inadequate financial resources. Organizations are required to invest a lot of money in training and development programs (Practical management, 2009).The programs are expensive since the ultimate goal is to impart important skills in the participants which means that they cannot be partially trained. The second challenge that faces implementation of training and development programs is lack of enough infrastructural facilities. Some organizations might want to train more employees but lack of physical resources such as training halls makes it difficult. The third challenge that faces implementation of the programs is lack of commitment from the employees. The employees have to combine the programs with their work and some of them perceive the programs as demanding and are reluctant to join them. One of the cha llenges identified when implementing training and development programs is that employees are less committed and when it comes to participating in the programs. This is a challenge that can be addressed by initiating attitude change mechanisms like encouraging employees to commit themselves in the programs. The challenge can also be addressed by offering incentives to employees who take part in the training programs. Since the training and development programs equip employees with new skills that improve their performance, the organization should appreciate their new skills for them to gain motivation. In addition, employees who undergo the training programs can be promised job promotions. This helps in changing the attitude of other employees towards the training and development programs from a negative one to a positive one hence increasing their commitment to the programs (Management training consultant, 2012).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Attitude change among the employees can be achieved when all the employees in an organization are involved in the process of initiating training and development programs. Other employees can be very instrumental in addressing the challenge of negative attitude towards the programs since they know their colleagues well. One of the ways through which the other employees can be used in addressing this challenge is asking for their views regarding the programs and what they think should be changed or improved. By incorporating their views in the programs, this shapes the programs in such a way that they meet the expectations of the employees hence increasing the number that participates in the programs. One of the reasons why the employees might seem disinterested in the programs is that they tend to believe that the programs are enforced on them by the management. However, incorporating their views when designing t he programs makes them own the programs, hence solving the challenge of negative attitude towards the programs. References Management training consultant. (2012). Employee Training and Development. Web. Practical management. (2009). Changing organizational culture. Web. Salas, E. (2008). Learning, Training, and Development in Organizations. New York: Taylor Francis. This essay on The Culture of an Organization was written and submitted by user Miles K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

the daodejing of Laozi Essays

the daodejing of Laozi Essays the daodejing of Laozi Essay the daodejing of Laozi Essay Name: Course: Lecturer: Date: The daodejing of Laozi The daodejing of Laozi is a Daoist with a personality that has brought a lot of influence on Chinese thought. The Laozi or Daodejing transformed into what it is today in the third century. Today, it continues to get so much popularity in the whole of East Asia and beyond. Philip J Ivanhoe’s lucid and philosophical interpretation give fresh insights into this classic work. The Language unit, which is unique to this edition, gives eight translations of the starting passage by famous and influential people and explains well, how they were, interpreted (Laozi, 20). Laozi was a philosopher who lived in the early years and was a Daoist. The Daodejing is a leader or deity who existed among the Chinese community. The Zhuangzi is the first place to use Laozi as an individual name and to know Laozi and Lao Tan. The earliest things related to Laozi are found in the Zhuangzi’s chapters. Parts of the chapters of that work have ten areas where Laozi is the central object. Four of them have straight criticism about the Confucian. They have comprehensions from the Daodejing, and they could belong to the time when that collection was approaching a final form (45). The major thing that makes this book exceptional is that it has included a Chinese to English dictionary for all of the characters used in the Dao De Jing. Every dictionary entry has the traditional and uncomplicated characters as well as the. Every character is split down into its contents with a description of those contents. Also, there is an included brief etymology for the character, some historical and cultural background information surrounding the use of the character. There is a diagram too, diagram on how to write each one. Another fundamental part of the dictionary is the addition of a concordance for each character, which indicates the number of the chapter and position of every character within the Dao De Jing. This makes provision for a user to look up the several times that a specific character was used in the text, for of comparison reasons in the text. In reference to a book called Rites, a person called Lao Tan was a specialist of rituals (Laozi, 56). On four times, Confucius is said to have answered to questions by requesting responses from Lao Tan. Research says that Confucius once helped Lao Tan in a funeral ceremony. In the Zhuangzi Lao Tan usually criticizes Confucius. It is the first book to use Laozi as an individual’s name and to know there is Laozi and Lao tan. The Zhuangzi contains work from a tutor called Zhuang Zhou who existed between 370-300 BCE (68). Units one to seven of the present thirty three are the most frequently known to Zhuangzi, which means Zhuang is a master. Guo Xiang reviewed the work in the first fifty years of the third Century. He worked on fifty two parts, which he had found. He turned down the material because he considered it inferior. He spared thirty three units and separated them into two parts. There were inner units and outer ones. Apart from that, the ones that remained originated fro m other people and they have different perspectives of opinions. Lao Tan refers to Confucius by his name in three comprehensions. This kind of freedom is only entitled to an individual with authority and power. It makes people see that Lao Tan was Confucius’ tutor hence considered him a superior. This is not confirmed to be true. Confucius was a confused person who was not successful. Laozi work was an archivist and considered Confucius written work not important. Hence; not worth preserving in the library. In another case, Confucius says that he understood well what was called six classics (Laozi, 70). He went ahead and convinced seventy-two kings about the truth. Unfortunately, they were not bothered about that. When Laozi learnt this, he persuaded Confucius to stop minding irrelevant things. The Dao De Jing has been viewed as one of the most fundamental philosophical and spiritual texts to be written in the early years of China. It has been interpreted more times than any other documented work apart from the Bible. The name Dao means a road, and is often translated as way. This is because sometimes Dao is used as a noun but other times as a verb. Dao is reality itself, the way things come together as they transform. All this brings out the deep Chinese belief that change is the most important trait of things. In the classic change, the patterns of this change are shown by numbers representing 64 relations of forces called hexagrams (Laozi, 76). Dao is the change of these forces, most frequently simply known as yin and yang. The Xici is a statement on the Yi jing founded in almost the same time as the DDJ. The teaching of Daodejing is that people cannot fathom the Dao. This is because even though it is named in any way, it cannot be captured. It is beyond the people’s thoughts. Those who wu Wei may become one with it and thus obtain the Dao. Wu Wei is a not easy to translate. Yet, it is generally accepted that the traditional making it as non action or no action is incorrect. Daoism is not a philosophy of doing nothing. Wu Wei means people should act naturally. The vital concept is that there is no need for people altering the process of reality. Wu Wei should be the way people live, because the Dao is beneficial. It does not harm anyone (Laozi, 83). The way to get to heaven will always be doing the right thing and it comes from the Dao alone. No one can explain the nature of why the Dao is beneficial and good. Not even the sages can explain it. The earth is a reality that is full of spirits of forces. It is compared with to a sacred image used in religious ritual. The Dao occupies the place in reality where the family uses as an altar, for ancestors and gods. People should not think that that life is unfair. This is not true because in heaven things are very much in place. It does not mean that correlatives in Chinese philosophy are opposites of each other. They represent the ebb and processes of the reality forces: yin yang, masculine and feminine too much defect; leadership, following; active and dullness. As one approaches the fullness of yin, yang begins to show at the horizon and it emerges. Its lessons on correlation frequently (Laozi, 98). For instance, those who are crooked will be corrected. The bent ones will be straight. Those who are empty will be filled. Since these look paradoxical, they best understood as correlational in meaning. The DDJ thinks that straightforward words sound paradoxical. This does not imply they are. In fact, they are not. Sages pay attention to their internal energies. They clear their vision, show plainness and become like unused wood. They live naturally and away from desires of human beings. They settle themselves and learn how to live in a content way with what they have. The Daodejing makes uses some very known analogies to clarify his point. Sages understand the value of voidness as shown by how emptiness is utilized in a bowl, door, window, valley or canyon. They preserve the female, which means they know how to respond hence, assertive and active. Shouldering and an embrace, represent inner strength and it helps to have harmony (Laozi, 105). Those adhering to the Dao do not struggle, tamper, or look for control. They do not wish to assist life along or use their hearts and mind to solve or life’s difficulties and entanglements. Indeed, the DDJ warns that those who would attempt to do something with the world will not be successful. They will actually destroy it. Sages do not participate in disputes and arguments, or try to show they are correct. They are flexible, humble and like water. It finds its own place, conquering the difficult and robust by being supple. Sages act expecting no reward and they put themselves last and yet come first. They never make a put themselves on air, boast or are arrogant. Sages make peace, creatures do not harm them and soldiers do not kill them. Heaven takes care of the sage and they become invincible (Laozi, 114). Among the most debatable of the teachings in the DDJ are those closely related with rulers. Today’s research is approaching an agreement that the people who organized and put together the concepts of the DDJ participated in the leadership. They could have also participated in performing rituals and other religious ceremonies. As it may seem, many of the aphorisms directed to the leaders sound surprising at first sight. According to the DDJ, the appropriate leader keeps knowledge from the people, fills their stomachs, opens their hearts and eliminates their desires (Laozi, 117). A sagely leader decreases the size of the state and maintains the population to be small. Although the leader possesses armory, they are never used. The leader does not seek to be prominent. The leader is a shadowy presence and when the leader’s work is finished, the people say they are content. All this is interesting because Philosopher and theorist Han Feizi used Daodejing. He used it to bring unity to China. It is sad to know that this leader filled stomachs, kept knowledge from the people and emptied the minds of people. He destroyed all the books containing content about medicine, agriculture or astronomy (Laozi, 120)

Drug Therapy Vs. Psychotherapy essays

Drug Therapy Vs. Psychotherapy essays What is depression? Depression is one of the most common psychological problems. It is a psychological condition that changes how you think and feel. It affects nearly everyone through personal experience or through depression in a family member. Depression can interfere with normal functions and causes problems with work and family. Depression is an illness just like diabetes or heart disease. It is an illness that affects the entire body and not just the mind. One in five people suffer from depression and it is the leading cause of alcoholism and drug abuse; as well as the number one cause for suicide. It is an illness that can be successfully treated in more than eighty percent of the people who are diagnoused with it; but most people dont recieve proper treatment for it. Depression is caused by abnormal activity in the brain. Studies have shown that certain brain chemicals called neurotransmitters play an important role in regulating moods and emotions. Neurotransmitters involve d in depression include norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. Researchers have suggested that depression results from lower than normal levels of these neurotransmitters in parts of the brain. There are many types of treatment but the two most common for treating depression are Psychotherapy and Drug therapy. Depression can be treated effectively with antidepressant drugs, psychotherapy, or a combination of both. Antidepressant, medication used to treat depression, is often the first choice of treatment for depression. While everyone experiences episodes of sadness at some point in their lives, depression is distinguished from this sadness when symptoms are present most days for a period of at least two weeks. Although the cause of depression is unknown, researchers have found that some depressed people have altered levels of chemicals called neurotransmitters, chemicals made and released by nerve cells, or neurons. One neuron, referred to as...

Motivation and Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Motivation and Leadership - Assignment Example It is therefore essential to motivate these employees regardless of their stay period in the organization. This is necessary in building a positive image of the company in the eyes of the workers and the society at large which can enhance smooth renewal of their contract when the need arises. Use of temporary workers There are times when temporary workers prove to be valuable to an organization and certain times when it is inappropriate to use them. It is appropriate to use them when the company needs to reduce its operational costs. This is because permanent workers require things such as security and many benefits in order to sustain them. This is justified from the case study where the Boeing Company has reduced its dependence on permanent staff through making of new hires abroad. Another time when the use of temporary workers is appropriate is when one is working on short-term projects, this is necessary for it enables those people who are experts in a certain area to handle situ ations that they are best suited in. This is evident form the case of Microsoft that says that its contingent employees fluctuate depending on the project that they are working on. They also note that temporary workers are experts in what they do and they complete projects within a short period of time. It is appropriate to use temporary employees on companies that work in cyclical industries. This is because they offer a range of various services. The services can be provided by temporary employees who have a wide range of various skills and hence can fit in that nature of the industry. This is evident from the case study where it states that temps are appealing to those companies in cyclical industries. On the other hand, there exists various times that are deemed to be inappropriate to use temporary employees. It is inappropriate to use them in order to maintain permanent employees when it comes to layoffs. This is a strategy that was used by Boeing Company. It is also inappropri ate to use them when one wants to build a company reputation. This is because temporary workers who come and go cannot be able to build a good image. A program for employee motivation The program that will be put in place to motivate the temporary employees will be the temporary workers incentive and welfare program. This is a program that will oversee that the situation of the workplace employees is improved and they are given incentives to motivate them. It comprises of the element of incentives and welfare. The incentives will be in terms of providing good pay, benefits such as health while the welfare is concerned with good working environment and responsibility. The program will also oversee that the temporary workers are given a conducive working environment similar to the permanent employees. It will also entail informing the employees effectively concerning the organization and also integrating them to the organization. This in turn creates social ties among workers which wi ll motivate them. Reducing supervision and allowing them to work autonomously gives them confidence and responsibility to oversee that they give effective results. This program is justified for it goes hand in hand with Herzberg’s two factor theory that of hygiene and motivational factors. Hygiene factors are those they contribute to dissatisfaction if they lack in the organization